A procedural protocol for the application of applied kinesiology techniques is presented. It is based on neurological and biochemical principles and thirty years of clinical observations of comparative applications of techniques. Short summaries of each section are included prior to the section to enable a brief review of the information.

9. Is TL to K-27 Positive?

1. Straight TL – Cranial – Pre-Test Imaging (Go to 11) – Immune or Mechanical?
   
2. Crossed TL – TMJ – IRT to TMJ (Go to 10) – Treat Immune Circuit
   
3. Dorsal Crossed TL – Use Tooth Techniques

10. Does TL to TMJ Strengthen Weak Muscle? (and/or) Is TMJ Present with IRT?

1. Right TMJ – Thymus (or Lower Sternum)
2. Left TMJ – Spleen (or Lower Sternum)
3. Check Nasosphenoid Cranial Fault
4. Check Temporoparietal Jam
5. Check Sphenoid Compression Fault
6. Correct TMJ / TMJ Muscles – Correct with IRT and/or Mechanically

11. Does Pre-Test Imaging Strengthen? If Yes – Check Cranial Bones

    1. If IRT Positive:
        i. Right Side – Check Thymus (or Lower Sternum)
        ii. Left Side – Check Spleen (or Lower Sternum)
    2. If No IRT – Make Mechanical Correction

Summary: The three K-27 switching patterns are related to cranial faults or TMJ faults. Cranial faults may be mechanical or secondary to immune system involvement. TMJ faults may be mechanical (related to cranial faults, TMJ muscle injuries, or tooth problems) or secondary to immune system involvement. About 80% of cranial and TMJ faults are immune related. The immune system affects hypothalamus activity that then becomes manifested as a cranial or TMJ fault with the consequent muscle testing patterns.

Switching is related to uncoupled cervical motion. In the presence of a positive K-27 TL, there will be a cervical subluxation (often C-2) that displays an uncoupled pattern. The uncoupling is secondary to a segment in the cervical spine serving two masters – one being its relationship to its neighboring vertebrae and the other being the aberrant muscular effects caused by a cranial fault or a TMJ fault. Therefore, no cervical adjustment should be made prior to the correction of switching and/or cranial or TMJ faults.

In the presence of cranial faults, pre-test imaging (PTI) is positive. To understand the theory behind PTI, one must understand how the cortex, cerebellum and muscles interact with each other. Communication between the cortex and the contralateral cerebellum and muscles include feedforward (FF), feedback (FB) and efferent copy (EC) mechanisms. Oftentimes, all three pathways are firing during a single motor event.

For simplicity’s sake, it might be said that FB is the message received from the peripheral muscle feeding back into the cerebellum. This would occur whether the message originated from the brain or outside the body. FF is a message initiated in the cerebellum and going to the cortex. EC activity starts in the cortex and sends messages to the muscles and the cerebellum at the same time, that is, it sends copies to each. This utilizes the “error comparer” duty of the cerebellum that gets the message from the cortex and then waits for feedback from the movement to compare it with what was intended. If there is a discrepancy between what was intended and what actually occurred, then it will be noted in the cerebellum. When you imagine doing a movement you can actually do, like a muscle test, there is an efferent copy activity. (This is in contrast to imagining a movement that you could not actually do – such as flying - which is called body space imaging.)

It is proposed that cranial faults are neurologically mediated via dural nociceptors that fire powerfully into the cervical spinal cord, and then from cervical afferents into the cerebellum13 In the presence of a cranial fault, the associated disruptive input to the cerebellum results in aberrant cerebellar activity that presumably interferes with muscle controlling pathways (i.e., inhibited muscles) and imagining doing the test invokes enough of an EC response to override the interference with the muscle test resulting in a positive PTI. So it is proposed that PTI may be a test of interference to the cerebellum from cranial fault sensory activity integrity during a muscle test that can be overridden by imaging (EC to the cerebellum and the muscle) the movement.

Clinical observations of this author have shown that about 80% of cranial faults and TMJ faults are related to immune system problems. These adaptive (i.e., not actual primary mechanical lesions) cranial and TMJ faults will show up as IRT patterns – as if the cranial bone or the TMJ had been injured. That is, they will TL with the neck in extension to create an inhibition of a strong indicator muscle. The other 20% are mechanical in nature and require mechanical corrections. This includes mechanical cranial fault corrections or mechanical TMJ muscle corrections (usually involving IRT correction to one or more TMJ muscles attachments.)

The immune system problems spoken of here are related to weaknesses of the infraspinatus (thymus), lower trapezius (spleen), or pectoralis minor (parotid gland 14 and/or chemical sensitivities, including heavy metal toxicity.) The treatment that is required in most of these patients is rubbing the related Chapman’s reflex.

Later in the protocol, endocrine problems are addressed. Balancing endocrine function will include normalizing adrenal glucocorticoid activity, in particular, cortisol. High cortisol levels will suppress or inhibit immune system function, including the thymus, the spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Cortisol levels will increase as a result of our treatments in many patients and decrease as a result of our treatments in others. We must improve thymus and spleen function, prior to treating the endocrine system, so that our immune tissues can withstand any increased glucocorticoid activity we create. If we do not address the immune system prior to affecting adrenal activity, we run the risk of further suppressing immune system function by our endocrine-directed treatment causing both lowered immunity and increased symptomatology including emotional effects discussed below.

When the immune system is dysfunctional, there will be an impact on the hypothalamus (HPT.) This is the area that psychoneuroimmunology and neuroimmunomodulation research addresses. When the immune system is dysfunctional and the HPT responds, HPT connections to the mesencephalic reticular formation (RF) cause the manifestation of the immune system problem to be seen in several ways. One factor observed is related to changes in TMJ muscle function and consequent patterns of body activity that are referred to as centering the spine patterns. 15 HPT adaptations to endocrine dysfunction may be manifested in the same manner (i.e., TMJ disturbance and/or muscle imbalance.) Another observation will be seeing changes in autonomic function. These include neurological signs such as alterations in pupillary reflexes and their fatigability that is mediated by cranial nerve III in the mesencephalon. They also include digestive problems such as ileocecal valve syndromes which can be monitored via muscle testing.

In the presence of immune system problems, the HPT, via descending pathways, synapses into the mesencephalic RF of the brainstem, and the effect appears to be inhibitory to the cells of the mesencephalon. (This becomes important when evaluating and treating aberrant metabolic states of the mesencephalon, the topic of a later paper as mentioned above.) The mesencephalic RF contains cell bodies that are affected by the HPT and includes the mesencephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V, the primary sensory cell bodies that arise from MRs of the TM joints and muscles. Due to interconnections within this area of the nervous system, the entire mesencephalon is affected by the presence of these sensory TMJ cell bodies and vice versa. This may very well be the mechanism whereby we see TMJ faults appear as secondary to immune system problems.

Among many other important structures in the mesencephalic RF are pattern generator cells located in the parabrachial nucleus area. That is, these nuclei (interstitial nucleus, prestitial nucleus, nucleus precomissuralis) fire down to the lower RF and the spinal cord resulting in groups of muscles firing in preprogrammed movements such as flexion and extension or rotation around the midline. 16 Mesencephalic involvement, via these pattern generator cells, creates muscle weakness patterns that can occur anywhere in the body. These include bilateral muscle weaknesses, 17 gait patterns, spinal flexion and extension patterns, etc.

The neurological awareness of cranial faults is also via the trigeminal nerve (V). The dura is innervated exclusively by nociceptors and these directly fire into the descending (cervical) nucleus of the trigeminal nerve affecting cervical muscle imbalance, hence creating uncoupled cervical motion. The altered cervical afferentation is carried directly to the cerebellum and the cerebellum carries these messages to the contralateral mesencephalon via the dentatorubral tract.

Hence, cranial and TMJ faults that are secondary in nature are associated with the mesencephalon. The mesencephalon, secondary to inputs from the HPT, creates muscle patterns that appear the same as if they originate in either a cranial or a TMJ fault. The cranial or TMJ will show up as IRT faults rather than by other indicators. That is, TL to the cranial bone or the TMJ with the neck in extension will cause an inhibition of a strong indicator muscle.

When the immune system is dysfunctional and the HPT reacts, the effects on the mesencephalic RF create muscle imbalances and IRT cranial faults and TMJ faults. Oral HPT tissue negates any muscle weaknesses as well as indicators of cranial and TMJ faults. The oral response to HPT tissue suggests that these findings are secondary to immune (or endocrine) dysfunction.

There also appears to be a sidedness to immune system problems. Thymus dysfunction is manifested in right-sided cranial and/or TMJ problems. If TL to a right-sided cranial or TMJ with the neck in extension is positive, there will be a weak infraspinatus on the right, possibly bilateral. Spleen problems are manifested in left-sided cranial and/or TMJ problems. If TL with the neck in extension to a left-sided cranial or TMJ is positive, there will be a weak lower trapezius on the left, possibly bilateral. Chemical hypersensitivities (and parotid problems) are manifested by either right-sided or left-sided cranial / TMJ faults and are accompanied by TL to the lower sternum and a bilateral pectoralis minor weakness. It appears that there are no specific patterns of muscle inhibition associated with any of the three immune patterns other than the 16 infraspinatus, lower trapezius, and pectoralis minor involvements. That is, any muscle weaknesses may be secondary to immune involvement. So important is this that no local problem (other than the systemic effects of injuries) should be addressed without first checking for cranial or TMJ patterns secondary to an immune problem.

The metabolic state of the mesencephalon may be observed by looking at two simple parameters: TMJ opening range of motion and pupillary light reflex responses. Measure the opening width of the TMJ (three knuckles of the less dominant hand should fit between the upper and lower central incisors.) Also measure the time it takes for the right and left pupillary light responses to fatigue. In most people, one side will fatigue more rapidly. After treating an immune system Chapman’s reflex, recheck the TMJ opening width and the pupils. If the mesencephalon was over firing, and the TMJ reflexes were enhanced, then inhibiting the mesencephalon should allow the TMJ to open wider. If the mesencephalon was over firing to the point of fatigue, then inhibiting the mesencephalon by treating the immune system should cause a decrease in the fatigability of the pupillary light responses. You will note that the TMJ range of motion is a bilateral effect. Since the mandible is like a bucket handle, you cannot affect one side without affecting the other.

In the case of the pupillary light responses, treating the spleen will have an affect on the left pupil reflex and treating the thymus will impact the right pupil response. Treating the lower sternum area could affect either or both pupil reflexes.

Our clinical observations on the net effect of treating immune system Chapman’s reflexes appears to be consistent with a shift toward inhibition in neurons in the mesencephalon: treating the thymus reflex results a shift toward inhibition in the right mesencephalon, treating the spleen reflex results a shift toward inhibition in the left mesencephalon, and treating lower sternum / parotid problems may result in a shift toward inhibition in either right or left mesencephalon.

The mesencephalon relates to emotional events via the mesolimbic system connections. Emotional states may be driven by primary mesencephalic imbalances. It is interesting to note clinical correlations of practitioners with totally different view points. In a number of systems that relate organ function to emotion, thymus (and/or triple warmer meridian) dysfunctions have been tied to hopelessness and despair. This author has observed on many occasions that treating the thymus can change a patient’s emotional outlook from hopelessness / despair to a more reasonable state within just a minute or two of rubbing Chapman’s reflex for the thymus. It has also been observed, prior to understanding this protocol, that sometimes a treatment procedure would cause a an emotionally fragile patient to abruptly decline into tears, and that treating the thymus would be the only thing that would pull the patient out of the emotional tailspin. An over firing right mesencephalon will drive the right mesolimbic pathway and activate the emotional areas for suffering in the right limbic system. Treating the thymus will affect the hypothalamus which inhibits the mesencephalon. This leads us to a neurological understanding of how and why treating the thymus is therapeutic for hopelessness and despair. Similar models may be advanced toward an understanding of other organ – emotion relationships.

9. Is TL to K-27 Positive?

    3. Dorsal Crossed TL – Use Tooth Techniques

10. Does TL to TMJ Strengthen Weak Muscle? (and/or) Is TMJ Present with IRT?

    3. Check Nasosphenoid Cranial Fault

    4. Check Temporoparietal Jam

    5. Check Sphenoid Compression Fault

    6. Correct TMJ / TMJ Muscles – Correct with IRT and/or Mechanically

11. Does Pre-Test Imaging Strengthen? If Yes – Check Cranial Bones

    2. If No IRT – Make Mechanical Correction

About 20% of cranial faults or TMJ faults are related to problems that must be mechanically corrected. This is, of course, when there is a mechanical basis for the lesion. The clue that a cranial fault needs mechanical correction is that no IRT pattern (TL with the neck in extension) will be present. TMJ mechanical corrections include cranial fault based TMJ problems, IRT to TMJ related muscles, and reactions from tooth involvement. The three TMJ related cranial faults (nasosphenoid, temporoparietal jam, sphenoid compression), TMJ muscle imbalances, and tooth problems all create aberrant mechanical feedback into the TMJ and require correction to restore normal TMJ mechanics.

All of these mechanical faults create abnormal sensory receptor stimulation, either MR and/or NOC. The NOC sensory fibers synapse in the descending (spinal) nucleus of V. The MR sensory fibers (from TMJ joint and muscles), with their cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus of V, project to their primary synapse in the pontine motor nucleus of V.

The second order NOC neurons affect the anterior horn motorneurons of the cervical spine which changes MR feedback from the cervical spine. The cervical MR sensory activity powerfully feeds into the cerebellum, both directly (no interneuron) through cuneocerebellar fibers and indirectly. Hence, NOCs from the cranial dura, the TMJ, and teeth (as well as the sinuses, eyes, and tongue) have a very strong impact on cerebellar function through this sensorymotor- sensory loop. Problems with any of these structures will have similar powerful cerebellar effects. Theoretically, it is interference from cranial faults (arising from any of these structures) that disrupts the normal cortico-cerebellar (efferent copy) pathway and creates the phenomenon of positive pre-test imaging.

Disruption of cerebellar activity (as suggested by PTI) will often manifest in inadequate neurological expression of intentional movement. This will result in inefficient, uncoordinated, and partially inhibited motorneuron activity for any movement in the body. Simple cerebellar tests such as the finger-to-finger test will be seen as sub-optimal to downright abnormal. Correction of cranial faults, or those factors that influence or create cranial faults, will be seen to have a positive, often normalizing impact on the cerebellar finger-to-finger test or other indicators of cerebellar dysfunction.

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